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Dental and Medical Problems

Title abbreviation: Dent Med Probl
Journal Impact Factor (JIF 2025) – 4.3
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Scopus CiteScore (2025) – 5.8
Index Copernicus Value (ICV 2024) – 178.25
MNiSW – 70 pts
ISSN 1644-387X (print)
ISSN 2300-9020 (online)
Periodicity – bimonthly


 

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Dental and Medical Problems

2026, vol. 63, nr 3, May-June, p. 677–683

doi: 10.17219/dmp/203343

Publication type: original article

Language: English

License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0)

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Dal Piva AMO, Zonneveld A, Lu Y, Kleverlaan CJ, Tribst JPM. Can adhesive cementation improve the strength of glassceramics by filling surface defects? Dent Med Probl. 2026;63(3):677–683. doi:10.17219/dmp/203343

Can adhesive cementation improve the strength of glass-ceramics by filling surface defects?

Amanda Maria de Oliveira Dal Piva1,A,B,C,D,E,F, Alex Zonneveld1,B,C,D, Yuqing Lu1,B,C,D, Cornelis Johannes Kleverlaan1,A,C,E,F, João Paulo Mendes Tribst2,A,C,E,F

1 Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

2 Department of Reconstructive Oral Care, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Abstract

Background. The susceptibility of glass-ceramics to surface defects can weaken their mechanical performance.
Objectives. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cementation on the load-to-failure of 2 glass-ceramic materials in the presence and absence of an induced surface defect.
Material and methods. Bars of lithium disilicate – LD (Initial LiSi Block; GC Dental) and feldspathic – F (VITA Mark II; VITA Zahnfabrik H. Rauter) ceramics, as well as a dentin analog, were prepared for cementation. The ceramic specimens were assigned to 5 groups: untreated (no cementation); indented (I); cemented (C); indented and cemented with defect filling (CI); and indented and cemented without defect filling (CIN). Flexural strength was measured for the non-cemented specimens, whereas the load-to-failure was evaluated for all cemented groups, using the ball-in-hole test on bar specimens (1 × 1 × 12 mm). Finite element analysis (FEA) was performed for the groups without induced defects. Data was analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc test (α = 0.05).
Results. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences among the groups for both materials (p < 0.001). For LD, the load-to-failure values were: LDC (16.7 ±2.9 N)A > LD (14.6 ±2.6 N)B = LDCI (13.9 ±3.0 N)B > LDCIN (10.5 ±1.7 N)C > LDI (6.9 ±1.4 N)D. For F, the values were: FC (13.7 ±3.7 N)A = FCIN (13.1 ±3.3 N)A = FCI (11.8 ±3.3 N)A > F (8.1 ±1.3 N)B > FI (5.1 ±0.4 N)C. Indentation significantly reduced the flexural strength of the non-cemented ceramics (p < 0.001). Finite element analysis showed that cementation reduced the maximum principal tensile stress by 44% for LD and by 62% for F.
Conclusions. Filling surface defects with cement increased the load-to-failure of LD, but did not significantly affect F. Overall, the mechanical performance of both glass-ceramics was influenced by the cementation process, whereas the effect of defect filling was material dependent.

Key words

cementation, flexural strength, glass-ceramics

Graphical abstract


Graphical abstracts

Highlights


  • Cementation significantly improves the load-to-failure of both lithium disilicate (LD) and feldspathic (F) ceramics.
  • The presence of a defect reduced the load-to-failure by 56% in LD and by 41% in F, highlighting the vulnerability of glass-ceramics to surface flaws.
  • When defects were filled with cement, the strength of LD improved, but this effect was not observed for F.
  • Cementation cannot fully compensate for strength loss due to surface defects, emphasizing the need for precise cementation protocols and defect minimization during adjustments.

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