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Dental and Medical Problems

2022, vol. 59, nr 2, April-June, p. 255–261

doi: 10.17219/dmp/143948

Publication type: original article

Language: English

License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0)

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Khudan R, Krynytska I, Marushchak M, Korda M. Influence of chronic hyperhomocysteinemia on the features of bone metabolism in the case of lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontitis. Dent Med Probl. 2022;59(2):255–261. doi:10.17219/dmp/143948

Influence of chronic hyperhomocysteinemia on the features of bone metabolism in the case of lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontitis

Roman Khudan1,B,D, Inna Krynytska2,C,E, Mariya Marushchak2,B,E, Mykhaylo Korda3,A,F

1 Department of Dental Therapy, Faculty of Dentistry, Ivan Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ukraine

2 Department of Functional and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine, Ivan Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ukraine

3 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ivan Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ukraine

Abstract

Background. Periodontal disease is the second most common oral health problem after dental caries. This increasing prevalence makes it not only a health problem, but also a social issue. The pathogenesis of periodontal disease is associated with a number of adverse exogenous and endogenous factors, including hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy).

Objectives. This study aimed to determine the features of bone metabolism in rats with lipopoly­saccharide (LPS)-induced periodontitis combined with chronic thiolactone HHcy.

Material and methods. Forty-eight white, non-linear, mature rats were divided into 4 groups: control (n = 12); LPS-induced periodontitis (n = 12); chronic thiolactone HHcy (n = 12); and periodontitis combined with HHcy (n = 12). The rats were sacrificed the day after the last LPS injection or the day after the last homocysteine (Hcy) thiolactone administration. Bone metabolism was determined based on the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (AP) in blood serum and periodontal homogenate.

Results. A decrease in ALP activity (by 40.1%; р = 0.001) and the mineralization index (MI) (3.5 times; р < 0.001) with an increase in AP activity (2.0 times; р < 0.001) was observed in the periodontal homo­genate of rats with LPS-induced periodontitis. In the case of LPS-induced periodontitis combined with chronic thiolactone HHcy, more pronounced changes in the activity of phosphatases and in MI were established as compared to rats with LPS-induced periodontitis only.

Conclusions. Chronic thiolactone HHcy enhances disturbances in bone metabolism in LPS-induced periodontitis. The osteotoxic effect of HHcy is associated with the activation of osteoclastogenesis and enhanced bone resorption. However, further research is required on the subject.

Keywords: periodontitis, bone metabolism, hyperhomocysteinemia

Introduction

Inflammatory disorders that involve both soft and hard periodontal structures, such as gingivitis and periodontitis, are described as periodontal diseases. Nowadays, periodontal disease is the second most common oral health problem after dental caries,1 and its increasing prevalence makes it not only a health problem, but also a social issue.2 The prevalence of periodontal disease in the European population is above 50%, with 10% suffering from a severe form of the disease. The prevalence of the disease increases with age, reaching 70–85% in patients aged 60–65 years.3 In Ukraine, the prevalence of periodontal disease among the general population is ranging from 92% to 98%.4

The early identification of periodontitis can help prevent the early loss of teeth. The treatment of periodontitis revolves around the debridement of the plaque biofilm and calculus which accumulate around the dentition. It is also pivotal to perform debridement and employ plaque control measures around dental restorations and at their interface with periodontal hard and soft tissues in order to prevent the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Additionally, the therapeutic strategies used in the treatment of periodontitis include the administration of antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory agents and antioxidants, systemically and topically.5

Several factors, of both exogenous and endogenous origin, are associated with the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. One of such factors is a high level of homo­cysteine (Hcy) – hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy).6 The first study on the association of Hcy with periodontitis appeared in 2004.7 In 2015, Bhardwaj et al. suggested using Hcy as a marker of inflammation in patients with periodontitis.8 Similar findings, including an increased level of Hcy in both the blood plasma and saliva of patients with inflammatory and destructive periodontal disease were obtained in other studies.9, 10, 11

The possible mechanisms resulting in increased Hcy levels in periodontitis involve the hyperproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins (IL) (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8) as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), in periodontal tissues. These mediators ini­tiate an inflammatory cascade that can potentially disrupt methionine and Hcy homeostasis, leading to HHcy.8, 10

On the other hand, metabolic dysregulation during periodontitis increases systemic inflammation, which leads to a decrease in the levels of vitamins, in particular B6, B12 and folic acid, which play important roles as cofactors in Hcy metabolism.12

There are only a few publications that focus on the course of experimental periodontitis in the case of HHcy. Krivosheeva et al. found that experimental HHcy complicated the course of periodontitis in rats.13 Probable mechanisms responsible for the negative effect of HHcy on the course of periodontitis may be the activation of oxidative stress, which primarily causes endothelial damage and the deve­lopment of endothelial dysfunction,14, 15 and the acti­vation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), which is known to participate in the regulation of the adaptive immune response and stimulate the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and leukocyte adhesion molecules, which promote the migra­tion of leukocytes into the vessel wall, thereby increasing the cytotoxicity of leukocytes.16

It is worth noticing that recent evidence points to the same mechanism with regard to peri-implant tissues. Thus, Guarnieri et al. compared gingival tissue healing at the surgically manipulated periodontal sites and at the sites receiving implants and healing abutments with machined (MS) vs. laser-microtextured (LMS) surfaces, placed with one-stage protocol.17 The researchers found that both MS and LMS implant sites presented a higher pro-inflammatory state in the early phase after surgery (1–4 weeks).17

This study aimed to determine the features of bone metabolism in rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced periodontitis combined with chronic thiolactone HHcy.

Material and methods

Study design

Inbred white male rats (n = 48) were housed in a room with controlled temperature (22 ±2°C) and a 12/12 h light/dark cycle at the Laboratory Animal Facility of I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ukraine, for the duration of the experiment. The animals had unrestricted access to food and water. The experimental procedures including animal treatment fully complied with relevant regulations.18 The experimental design and protocol were approved by the Bioethics Committee of I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University (protocol No. 64 of May 17, 2021).

The study animals were randomly placed into one of 4 groups as follows: control (group 1; n = 12); animals with model periodontitis (group 2; n = 12); animals with chronic thiolactone HHcy (group 3; n = 12); and animals with periodontitis combined with HHcy (group 4; n = 12). The rats in group 2 received injections of 40 μL (1 mg/mL) of Escherichia coli (E. coli) LPS (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) into gingival tissues every other day for 2 weeks.4 The rats in group 3 were administered Hcy thiolactone intragastrically (100 mg/kg of body weight in 1% solution of starch) once a day for 42 days.19 In group 4, chronic thiolactone HHcy was induced as described above. From the 29th day after the start of HHcy induction, the animals were injected with LPS into the gum tissue for 14 days concurrently with the ongoing Hcy thiolactone treatment.

The animals were euthanized with cardiac puncture under sodium thiopental anesthesia on the day following the last LPS injection (groups 2 and 4) or the day after the last Hcy thiolactone administration (group 3). The collected blood and periodontal samples were used for further investigations.

To confirm the development of HHcy in the blood serum of the animals, the total Hcy level was determined by means of a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using an Axis Shield reagent kit (Axis Shield Diagnostics, Dundee, UK) according to the manufacturer’s protocol and a Multiskan™ FC analyzer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Vantaa, Finland). The Hcy level was expressed in μmol/L.

Bone metabolism was determined based on the acti­vity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as a marker of osteo­blast functioning and acid phosphatase (AP) as a marker of the intensification of osteoclast activity. The acti­vity of phosphatases was expressed in μkat/L (in blood serum) or μkat/kg (in periodontal homogenate). The mineralization index (MI) was determined based on the ratio of ALP to AP.

Statistical analysis

The experimental data was compiled and analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel (v. 2016; Microsoft Corp., Redmond, USA) and Statistica, v. 7 (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, USA). The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to determine the normality of data distribution. If the values did not conform to normal distribution, the Kruskal–Wallis test was performed to compare 3 or more groups, followed by the Mann–Whitney test with the Bonferroni correction for the pairwise comparisons of the groups. The results were presented as median (Me) and interquartile (IQR) range. The results were considered statistically significant at the probability level (p-value) <0.05.

The association between the studied indices was established based on the results of the correlation analysis using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The linear correlation coefficient (r) and its probability (p-value) were calculated. The association was considered very weak at r = 0.10–0.30, weak at r = 0.31–0.50, moderate at r = 0.51–0.70, strong at r = 0.71–0.90, and very strong at r = 0.91–0.99. The direction of the association, positive or negative (inverse), was also assessed. The correla­tion coefficient was regarded as statistically significant at p < 0.05.

Results

The results showed that the blood serum Hcy level in rats with only LPS-induced periodontitis increased by 47.4% as compared to control, but this change was not statistically significant (p = 0.215). In animals with LPS-induced periodontitis combined with chronic thio­lactone HHcy, this index increased 3.8 times as compared to control (p < 0.001) and was 2.6 times higher than in the case of LPS-induced periodontitis alone (p = 0.002). It should be noted that in animals with isolated chronic thiolactone HHcy, the serum level of Hcy increased 3.4 times as compared to control (p < 0.001), but it did not differ significantly from the serum Hcy level observed for the group with LPS-induced periodontitis combined with chronic thiolactone HHcy (p = 0.999) (Table 1).

We found that the activity of serum ALP in the case of LPS-induced periodontitis decreased by 22.1% as compared to control, but this change was not statistically significant (p = 0.091). In animals with isolated chronic thiolactone HHcy, an increase in this index by 94.6% as compared to control was found (p = 0.001). In rats with LPS-induced periodontitis combined with chronic thiolactone HHcy, the activity of serum ALP increased by 22.1% (p = 0.893) in relation to controls and was by 56.7% higher than in the case of LPS-induced periodontitis alone (p = 0.005) (Table 2).

While analyzing ALP activity in periodontal homo­genate, it was found that in rats with LPS-induced periodontitis, this index significantly decreased by 40.1% as compared to control (p = 0.001). In animals with isolated chronic thiolactone HHcy, the periodontal ALP activity did not change significantly as compared to the control group (p = 0.070). In rats with LPS-induced periodontitis combined with chronic thiolactone HHcy, this index decreased 3.5 times as compared to control (p < 0.001) and was by 52.7% lower than in the case of LPS-induced periodontitis alone (p = 0.006) (Table 2).

Regarding the activity of serum AP in the case of LPS-induced periodontitis, this index increased by 62.9% as compared to the control group, but this change was not statistically significant (p = 0.215). In animals with isolated chronic thio­lactone HHcy, a significant 2.6-fold increase of AP activity was found as compared to controls (p < 0.001). For the combination of LPS-induced periodontitis and chronic thiolactone HHcy, this index significantly increased 4.2 times as compared to control (p < 0.001) and was 2.6 times higher than in the case of LPS-induced perio­dontitis alone (p < 0.001) (Table 2).

In periodontal homogenate, AP activity was found to be significantly higher (2.0 times) in rats with LPS-induced periodontitis as compared to controls (p < 0.001). In animals with isolated chronic thiolactone HHcy, the periodontal AP activity did not change significantly as compared to the control group (p = 0.157). In rats with LPS-induced periodontitis combined with chronic thiolactone HHcy, this index significantly increased 4.6 times as compared to control (p < 0.001) and was 2.2 times higher than in the case of LPS-induced periodontitis alone (p = 0.007) (Table 2).

An important index that characterizes the condition of bone tissue is the ratio of ALP activity to AP activity, which is defined as MI. The results of our study showed that in the case of LPS-induced periodontitis, the serum MI significantly decreased by 49.6% as compared to the control group (p = 0.001). In animals with isolated chronic thiolactone HHcy, a decrease in MI by 26.3% as compared to control was found, but this change was not statistically significant (p = 0.970). In rats with LPS-induced periodontitis combined with chronic thiolactone HHcy, the index decreased 3.4 times as compared to control (p < 0.001) and was 42.5% lower than in the case of LPS-induced periodontitis only; however, the latter change was not statistically significant (p = 0.230) (Table 2).

Regarding the changes of MI in periodontal homo­genate, in rats with LPS-induced periodontitis, this index decreased 3.5 times as compared to the control group (p < 0.001). In animals with isolated chronic thio­lactone HHcy, a 2.5-fold decrease in the periodontal MI as compared to control was found, but this change was not statistically significant (p = 0.166). In rats with LPS-induced periodontitis combined with chronic thiolactone HHcy, the index decreased 15.8 times as compared to control (p < 0.001) and was 4.5 times lower than in the case of LPS-induced periodontitis only (p < 0.001) (Table 2).

Analyzing the correlation linkages between the serum level of Hcy and the bone metabolism indices, we did not found any significant correlations in group 2 (LPS-induced periodontitis only). At the same time, in rats with LPS-induced periodontitis combined with chronic thiolactone HHcy, a strong direct correlation between the serum Hcy level and the serum AP activity (r = 0.89; p < 0.001), as well as a moderate direct correlation between the serum Hcy level and the periodontal AP activity (r = 0.66; p = 0.019) were found. Of particular interest are significant correlations between the serum Hcy level and AP activity in blood serum (r = 0.89; p < 0.001), AP activity in periodontal homogenate (r = 0.75; p = 0.005) and MI in blood serum (r = −0.71; p = 0.010) in animals with isolated chronic thiolactone HHcy (Table 3).

Discussion

The leading role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis is played by the disorders of bone metabolism, which consists in maintaining balance between resorption processes (mediated by osteoclasts) and the formation of bone tissue (mediated by osteoblasts). A number of factors affect and coordinate bone remodeling on both systemic and local levels, ensuring the elimination of micro-damage in the bone matrix, the preservation of bone micro-architectonics and the maintenance of bone strength. The effects of the regulators of bone metabolism are realized through the main signaling pathways of osteoblastogenesis (canonical wingless-beta-catenin (Wnt/β-catenin)) and osteoclastogenesis (the system of receptor activator for NF-κB ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator for NK-κB (RANK)/osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF)).20, 21, 22

Among the markers of bone metabolism, the determi­nation of phosphatases is relatively widely studied and used. In bone tissue, ALP is synthesized by osteoblasts and their precursors, and is involved in the mineraliza­tion of the bone matrix. The activity of ALP is interpreted as an index of bone tissue formation. Acid phosphatase is a lysosomal enzyme that characterizes the activity of osteoclasts and reflects the processes of bone matrix degradation.

The results of our study showed that LPS-induced periodontitis without comorbid pathology in rats is accompanied by decreases in ALP activity and MI, with a simultaneous increase of AP activity in periodontal homogenate, which indicates diminishing the function of osteoblasts in periodontal bone tissue and the activation of osteoclasts, and hence osteoresorption. Chronic thiolactone HHcy exacerbates the disorders of bone metabolism in the case of periodontitis. It is confirmed by more pronounced changes in all studied indices as compared to animals with LPS-induced periodontitis only. A moderate direct correlation between the serum Hcy level and AP activity in periodontal homogenate (r = 0.66; p = 0.019) indicates the association between Hcy and osteoclast activity in the case of experimental periodontitis.

Vacek et al. suggest that in addition to the direct Hcy action on the bone matrix, Hcy can modulate bone remodeling via increased osteoclast activity and decreased osteoblast activity.23

Homocysteine can also directly affect osteoclast performance. Homocysteine has been demonstrated to exert a potent stimulatory inluence on oxidant signaling, while osteoclasts are known to be sensitive to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels.24 In vitro experiments enriching growth media with Hcy for the bone marrow cell culture demonstrated that in these cells, the upregula­tion of the formation of osteoclasts and the downregula­tion of apoptosis were caused by an increased production of ROS.25 Elevated Hcy also disrupts balance between the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of protein kinases (PKs) modulating bone cell remodeling; this can cause the cell-wide disruption of molecular mechanisms in bone marrow-derived osteoclasts. For instance, Hcy has been shown to increase the phosphorylation of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) mediated by RANKL.25

Patients with HHcy show a higher risk of fractures due to decreased bone mineral density, as a result of bone resorption caused by elevated osteoclast activity.26 Additionally, in human bone marrow stromal cells, elevat­ed Hcy levels activate the caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway, which also results in compromised bone repair.27 Bone resorption is slowed down in unfavorable oxidizing environments, which are activated by Hcy binding as a ligand to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) expressed in bone cells.28 A study done on a HHcy mouse model showed the attenuation of PPAR-γ, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 4 (TIMP-4) and thioredoxin (an antioxidant), while inducing matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), TIMP-3, and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 4 (Nox4).29

A correlation between Hcy and the bone turnover markers detected in serum, such as deoxypyridinoline30 and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen,31 was found in some studies.

However, the effect of Hcy on osteoblast activity is comparatively little understood. Osteoblasts are involved in bone formation, and in vitro studies show that elevated concentrations of Hcy result in a moderate increase in primary human osteoblast activity.32 However, the extent of this effect is less prominent than the effects on primary human osteoclasts described above. This indicates the lack of balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity. In the HS-5 cell line, Hcy has been shown to induce apoptosis in NF-κB-activated primary human bone marrow stromal cells through the ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway.26 The resulting escape of cyto­chrome c from the mitochondria activates caspases 3 and 9, and is likely to produce an apoptotic effect on osteo­blasts. In a study by Herrmann et al., the inhibition of osteo­blast activity was supported by the reduced circulating osteocalcin level (by 40%) observed in rats with HHcy compared to controls.33

In another research by Herrmann et al., the bone tissue of rats with HHcy showed an increased accumulation of Hcy, with 65% of it bound to collagen of the extracellular matrix.34 The accumulation of Hcy produced a “spongy” bone appearance and resulted in decreased bone strength.34 This bone-specific accumulation of Hcy is a mechanism likely to underlie the detrimental effects of HHcy on bone tissue. Furthermore, Hcy has been found to downregulate the mRNA expression of protein-lysine 6-oxidase (LOX), an enzyme essential for cross-linking in collagen.35

Limitations

There are some limitations to this study. Firstly, the study sample size was small; therefore, the results are presented as preliminary. Bone metabolism was only determined with the use of biochemical markers, without imaging methods, such as computed tomography (CT) scanning. Further investigations are needed to explore the clinical implications of these findings.

Conclusions

The disruption of bone remodeling by LPS-induced periodontitis results in imbalance between bone matrix synthesis by osteoblasts and bone turnover by osteoclasts. Moreover, chronic thiolactone HHcy enhances the violations of bone metabolism in LPS-induced periodontitis. The osteotoxic effect of HHcy is associated with the activation of osteoclastogenesis and enhanced bone resorption. However, it is likely that there are other mechanisms of negative effects of HHcy on bone metabolism, which require further research.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The experimental procedures including animal treatment fully complied with relevant regulations. The experimental design and protocol were approved by the Bioethics Committee of I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University (protocol No. 64 of May 17, 2021).

Data availability

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Tables


Table 1. Level of homocysteine (Hcy) in the blood serum of rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced periodontitis without comorbid pathology and combined with chronic thiolactone hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)

Parameter

Experimental group

Kruskal–Wallis criterion (H),
p-value

p-values

group 1
(control)

group 2
(periodontitis)

group 3
(HHcy)

group 4
(periodontitis + HHcy)

Hcy
[µmol/L]

7.70
(7.40–8.15)

11.35
(10.15–11.65)

26.39
(23.99–29.63)

29.04
(26.45–33.12)

26.41
p < 0.001*

p1–2 = 0.215
p1–3 < 0.001*
p1–4 < 0.001*
p2–3 = 0.035*
p2–4 = 0.002*
p3–4 = 0.999
Data presented as median (interquartile range) (Me (IQR)). p1–2, p1–3, p1–4, p2–3, p2–4, p3–4 – probability of differences between the particular groups (numbers in lowercase correspond to group numbers); * statistically significant.
Table 2. Indices of bone metabolism in the blood serum and periodontal homogenate of rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced periodontitis without comorbid pathology and combined with chronic thiolactone hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)

Parameter

Experimental group

Kruskal–Wallis criterion (H),
p-value

p-values

group 1
(control)

group 2
(periodontitis)

group 3
(HHcy)

group 4
(periodontitis + HHcy)

Blood serum
ALP
[µkat/L]

12.90
(12.15–13.55)

10.05
(9.50–10.85)

25.10
(24.15–28.40)

15.75
(13.35–16.65)

41.79
p < 0.001*

p1–2 = 0.091
p1–3 = 0.001*
p1–4 = 0.893
p2–3 < 0.001*
p2–4 = 0.005*
p3–4 = 0.091

Blood serum
AP
[µkat/L]

5.77
(5.42–6.24)

9.40
(8.00–9.75)

15.00
(12.55–15.60)

24.33
(20.86–25.54)

44.09
p < 0.001*

p1–2 = 0.215
p1–3 < 0.001*
p1–4 < 0.001*
p2–3 = 0.215
p2–4 < 0.001*
p3–4 = 0.215

Blood serum MI
(ALP/AP)

2.24
(2.10–2.33)

1.13
(1.04–1.26)

1.65
(1.61–2.07)

0.65
(0.59–2.07)

41.51
p < 0.001*

p1–2 = 0.001*
p1–3 = 0.970
p1–4 < 0.001*
p2–3 = 0.082
p2–4 = 0.230
p3–4 < 0.001*

Periodontal homogenate
ALP
[µkat/kg]

7.10
(6.60–7.90)

4.25
(3.70–4.95)

4.95
(4.75–5.30)

2.01
(1.82–2.17)

40.75
p < 0.001*

p1–2 = 0.001*
p1–3 = 0.070
p1–4 < 0.001*
p2–3 = 0.999
p2–4 = 0.006*
p3–4 = 0.001*

Periodontal homogenate
AP
[µkat/kg]

4.18
(3.95–4.23)

8.55
(8.00–9.20)

7.10
(6.35–8.15)

19.19
(15.88–20.11)

43.12
p < 0.001*

p1–2 < 0.001*
p1–3 = 0.157
p1–4 < 0.001*
p2–3 = 0.384
p2–4 = 0.007*
p3–4 < 0.001*

Periodontal homogenate MI
(ALP/AP)

1.74
(1.67–1.85)

0.50
(0.47–0.56)

0.71
(0.67–0.80)

0.11
(0.10–0.14)

43.27
p < 0.001*

p1–2 < 0.001*
p1–3 = 0.166
p1–4 < 0.001*
p2–3 = 0.348
p2–4 < 0.001*
p3–4 < 0.001*
Data presented as Me (IQR). ALP – alkaline phosphatase; AP – acid phosphatase; MI – mineralizaton index; p1–2, p1–3, p1–4, p2–3, p2–4, p3–4 – probability of differences between the particular groups (numbers in lowercase correspond to group numbers); * statistically significant.
Table 3. Correlation linkages between the level of homocysteine (Hcy) in blood serum and the indices of bone metabolism in the case of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced periodontitis without comorbid pathology and combined with chronic thiolactone hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) (rxy)

Parameter

Experimental groups

group 2
(periodontitis)

group 3
(HHcy)

group 4
(periodontitis + HHcy)

Hcy

[µmol/L]

blood serum ALP
[µkat/L]

r = −0.49
p = 0.105

r = 0.01
p = 0.974

r = 0.20
p = 0.533

periodontal homogenate ALP
[µkat/kg]

r = −0.19
p = 0.564

r = −0.08
p = 0.814

r = −0.10
p = 0.755

blood serum AP
[µkat/L]

r = 0.10
p = 0.765

r = 0.89
p < 0.001*

r = 0.89
p < 0.001*

periodontal homogenate AP
[µkat/kg]

r = 0.25
p = 0.428

r = 0.75
p = 0.005*

r = 0.66
p = 0.019*

blood serum MI
(ALP/AP)

r = −0.32
p = 0.305

r = −0.71
p = 0.010*

r = −0.51
p = 0.092

periodontal homogenate MI
(ALP/AP)

r = −0.31
p = 0.327

r = −0.47
p = 0.123

r = −0.32
p = 0.313
* statistically significant.

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