Dental and Medical Problems

Dent Med Probl
Index Copernicus (ICV 2021) – 132.50
MEiN – 70 pts
CiteScore (2021) – 2.0
JCI (2021) – 0.5
Average rejection rate (2022) – 79.69%
ISSN 1644-387X (print)
ISSN 2300-9020 (online)
Periodicity – quarterly

Download PDF

Dental and Medical Problems

2019, vol. 56, nr 1, January-March, p. 97–104

doi: 10.17219/dmp/102620

Publication type: review article

Language: English

Download citation:

  • BIBTEX (JabRef, Mendeley)
  • RIS (Papers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero)

Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 3.0 Open Access

Oral consequences of obesity and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents

Konsekwencje otyłości i zespołu metabolicznego dla zdrowia jamy ustnej u dzieci i młodzieży

Małgorzata Maria Salamonowicz1,A,B,C,D, Anna Zalewska1,A,E,F, Mateusz Maciejczyk2,E

1 Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland

2 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland

Abstract

Nowadays, the epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome can be observed not only among adults, but also amid the younger population, with more than 380 million children and adolescents worldwide being affected by these phenomena. Obesity is considered a systemic chronic metabolic disease resulting from the imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified obesity as the most serious chronic disease, which, if untreated, leads to dangerous health problems (hypertension, heart failure, as well as kidney, nervous system and eye diseases). Recent scientific findings indicate a close relationship between obesity/metabolic syndrome and changes in the oral environment in children and adolescents. Obesity significantly increases the incidence of dental hard tissue diseases, periodontal diseases and diseases of the stomatognathic system. It also affects the secretion activity of the salivary glands, which changes the quantitative and qualitative composition of unstimulated and stimulated saliva. It is believed that in the face of a growing epidemic of obesity in children and adolescents, dental practitioners should also participate in the systemic treatment and prevention in this group of patients.

Key words

metabolic syndrome, obesity, children, oral cavity, dental problems

Słowa kluczowe

zespół metaboliczny, otyłość, dzieci, jama ustna, problemy stomatologiczne

References (75)

  1. Haegele JA, Healy S, Zhu X. Physical activity and obesity among nine-year-old children with and without chronic health problems, illness, or disabilities in Ireland. Disabil Health J. 2018;11(1):143–148.
  2. Pogodina A, Rychkova L, Kravtzova O, Klimkina J, Kosovtzeva A. Cardiometabolic risk factors and health-related quality of life in adolescents with obesity. Child Obes. 2017;13(6):499–506.
  3. Fitzgerald DA. The weighty issue of obesity in paediatric respiratory medicine. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2017;24:4–7.
  4. Sagar R, Gupta T. Psychological aspects of obesity in children and adolescents. Indian J Pediatr. 2017;85(7):554–559.
  5. Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diab. 1988;37(12):1595–1607.
  6. Bassali R, Waller JL, Gower B, Allison J, Davis CL. Utility of waist circumference percentile for risk evaluation in obese children. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2010;5(1):97–101.
  7. Mohamed-Ali V, Pinkney JH, Coppack SW. Adipose tissue as an endocrine and paracrine organ. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;22(12):1145–1158.
  8. Sfasciotti GL, Marini R, Pacifici A, Ierardo G, Pacifici L, Polimeni A. Childhood overweight-obesity and periodontal diseases: Is there a real correlation? Ann Stomatol (Roma). 2016;7(3):65–72.
  9. Wisse BE. The inflammatory syndrome: The role of adipose tissue cytokines in metabolic disorders linked to obesity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15(11):2792–2800.
  10. Trayhurn P, Wood IS. Adipokines: Inflammation and the pleiotropic role of white adipose tissue. Br J Nutr. 2004;92(3):347–355.
  11. Dursun E, Akalin FA, Genc T, Cinar N, Erel O, Yildiz BO. Oxidative stress and periodontal disease in obesity. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(12):e3136.
  12. Leite RS, Marlow NM, Fernandes JK. Oral health and type 2 diabetes. Am J Med Sci. 2013;345(4):271–273.
  13. D’Aiuto F, Nibali L, Parkar M, Patel K, Suvan J, Donos N. Oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and severe periodontitis. J Dent Res. 2010;89(11):1241–1246.
  14. Huynh NC, Everts V, Pavasant P, Ampornaramveth RS. Interleukin-1ß induces human cementoblasts to support osteoclastogenesis. Int J Oral Sci. 2017;9(12):e5.
  15. Gowen M, Wood DD, Ihrie EJ, McGuire MK, Russell RG. An interleukin 1 like factor stimulates bone resorption in vitro. Nature. 1983;306(5941):378–380.
  16. Khosravi R, Ka K, Huang T, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6: Potential interorgan inflammatory mediators contributing to destructive periodontal disease in obesity or metabolic syndrome. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:728987.
  17. Kobayashi K, Takahashi N, Jimi E, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation by a mechanism independent of the ODF/RANKL-RANK interaction. J Exp Med. 2000;191(2):275–286.
  18. Mukaida N. Interleukin-8: An expanding universe beyond neutrophil chemotaxis and activation. Int J Hematol. 2000;72(4):391–398.
  19. Sarniak A, Lipińska J, Tytman K, Lipińska S. Endogenous mechanisms of reactive oxygen species generation. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2016;70(0):1150–1165.
  20. Knaś M, Maciejczyk M, Waszkiel D, Zalewska A. Oxidative stress and salivary antioxidants. Dent Med Probl. 2013;50(4):461–466.
  21. Lushchak VI. Free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and its classification. Chem Biol Interact. 2014;224:164–175.
  22. Lushchak VI. Classification of oxidative stress based on its intensity. EXCLI J. 2014;13:922–937.
  23. Öngöz Dede F, Bozkurt Doğan Ş, Ballı U, Avcı B, Durmuşlar MC. The effect of initial periodontal treatment on plasma, gingival crevicular fluid and salivary levels of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine in obesity. Arch Oral Biol. 2016;62:80–85.
  24. Scorzetti L, Marcattili D, Pasini M, Mattei A, Marchetti E, Marzo G. Association between obesity and periodontal disease in children. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2013;14(3):181–184.
  25. Modéer T, Blomberg CC, Wondimu B, Julihn A, Marcus C. Association between obesity, flow rate of whole saliva, and dental caries in adolescent. Obesity. 2010;18(12):2367–2373.
  26. Fadel HT, Pliaki A, Gronowitz E, et al. Clinical and biological indicators of dental caries and periodontal disease in adolescents with or without obesity. Clin Oral Investig. 2014;18(2):359–368.
  27. Reeves AF, Rees JM, Schiff M, Hujoel P. Total body weight and waist circumference associated with chronic periodontitis among adolescents in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160(9):894–899.
  28. Zhao B, Jin C, Li L, Wang Y. Increased expression of TNF-α occurs before the development of periodontitis among obese Chinese children: A potential marker for prediction and prevention of periodontitis. Oral Health Prev Dent.2016;14(1):71–75.
  29. Lundin M, Yucel-Lindberg T, Dahllöf G, Marcus C, Modéer T. Correlation between TNFalpha in gingival crevicular fluid and body mass index in obese subjects. Acta Odontol Scand. 2004;62(5):273–277.
  30. Modéer T, Blomberg C, Wondimu B, Lindberg TY, Marcus C. Association between obesity and periodontal risk indicators in adolescents. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011;6(2–2):e264–e270.
  31. Zeigler CC, Persson GR, Wondimu B, Marcus C, Sobko T, Modéer T. Microbiota in the oral subgingival biofilm is associated with obesity in adolescence. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20(1):157–164.
  32. Lehmann-Kalata AP, Surdacka A, Ciężka-Hsiao E, Swora-Cwynar E, Grzymisławski M. Clinical parameters of oral cavity, physical and microbiological properties of saliva in patients with obesity [in Polish]. Dent Med Probl. 2015;52(4):415–423.
  33. Zeigler CC, Wondimu B, Marcus C, Modéer T. Pathological periodontal pockets are associated with raised diastolic blood pressure in obese adolescents. BMC Oral Health. 2015;15:41.
  34. Saito T, Shimazaki Y, Koga T, Tsuzuki M, Ohshima A. Relationship between upper body obesity and periodontitis. J Dent Res. 2001;80(7):1631–1636.
  35. Konopka T, Matuszewska A, Chrzęszczyk D, Zawada Ł. Body mass index and selected periodontal clinical parameters [in Polish]. Dent Med Probl. 2011;48(2):189–197.
  36. Janem WF, Scannapieco FA, Sabharwal A, et al. Salivary inflammatory markers and microbiome in normoglycemic lean and obese children compared to obese children with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0172647.
  37. Melkowska M, Banach J. Pathomechanisms of periodontal tissue alterations in diabetes mellitus – the literature review. Dent Med Probl. 2009(1);46:104–109.
  38. Chacon MR, Vendrell J, Miranda M, et al. Different TNFalpha expression elicited by glucose in monocytes from type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Atheroscler. 2007;194(2):e18–e25.
  39. Kumar MS, Vamsi G, Sripriya R, Sehgal PK. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-8 and -9) in chronic periodontitis patients with and without diabetes mellitus. J Periodontol. 2006;77(11):1803–1808.
  40. Tinanoff N, Holt K. Introduction to proceedings of healthy futures: Engaging the oral health community in childhood obesity prevention national conference. J Public Health Dent. 2017;77(Suppl 1):S5–S7.
  41. Costacurta M, DiRenzo L, Sicuro L, Gratteri S, De Lorenzo A, Docimo R. Dental caries and childhood obesity: Analysis of food intakes, lifestyle. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2014;15(4):343–348.
  42. Alm A, Fåhraeus C, Wendt LK, Koch G, Andersson-Gäre B, Birkhed D. Body adiposity status in teenagers and snacking habits in early childhood in relation to approximal caries at 15 years of age. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2008;18(3):189–196.
  43. Gupta P, Gupta N, Singh HP. Prevalence of dental caries in relation to body mass index, daily sugar intake, and oral hygiene status in 12-year-old school children in Mathura city: A pilot study. Int J Pediatr. 2014;2014:921823.
  44. Tong HJ, Rudolf MC, Muyombwe T, Duggal MS, Balmer R. An investigation into the dental health of children with obesity: An analysis of dental erosion and caries status. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2014;15(3):203–210.
  45. Yen CE, Hu SW. Association between dental caries and obesity in preschool children. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2013;14(3):185–189.
  46. Hilt A, Daszkowska M. Dental status of normal and overweight persons from secondary schools of Lodz [in Polish]. Dent Med Probl. 2012;49(3):351–357.
  47. Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT, Auinger P, Billings RJ, Weitzman M. Caries status and overweight in 2- to 18-year-old US children: Findings from national surveys. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2008;36(2):157–167.
  48. Gerdin EW, Angbratt M, Aronsson K, Eriksson E, Johansson I. Dental caries and body mass index by socio-economic status in Swedish children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2008;36(5):459–465.
  49. Willerhausen B, Blettner M, Kasaj A, Hohenfellner K. Association between body mass index and dental health in 1,290 children of elementary schools in a German city. Clin Oral Investig. 2007;11(3):195–200.
  50. Gunjalli G, Kumar KN, Jain SK, Reddy SK, Shavi GR, Ajagannanavar SL. Total salivary anti-oxidant levels, dental development and oral health status in childhood obesity. J Int Oral Health. 2014;6(4):63–67.
  51. Bailleul-Forestier I, Lopes K, Souames M, Azoguy-Levy S, Frelut ML, Boy-Lefevre ML. Caries experience in a severely obese adolescent population. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2007;17(5):358–363.
  52. Pannunzio E, Silverio Amancio OM, de Souza Vitalle MS, Nesadal de Souza D, Medeiros Mendes F, Nicolau J. Analysis of the stimulated whole saliva in overweight and obese children. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2010;56(1):32–36.
  53. Reznick AZ, Klein Y, Eisfrich JP, Cross EC, Nagler RM. Inhibition of oral peroxidase activity by cigarette smoke: In vivo and in vitro studies. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003;34(3):377–384.
  54. Adamowicz A, Bręborowicz A, Borysewicz-Lewicka M. Dental erosion in children with asthma [in Polish]. Dent Med Probl. 2009;46(2):185–190.
  55. Pandolfino JE, El-Serag HB, Zhang Q, Shah N, Ghosh SK, Kahrilas PJ. Obesity: A challenge to esophagogastric junction integrity. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(3):639–649.
  56. Mallory GB Jr, Fiser DH, Jackson R. Sleep-associated breathing disorders in morbidly obese children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 1989;115(6):892–897.
  57. Marino A, Malagnino I, Ranieri R, Villa MP, Malagola C. Craniofacial morphology in preschool children with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2009;10(4):181–184.
  58. Enache AM, Nimigean VR, Mihălţan F, Didilescu AC, Munteanu I, Nimigean V. Assessment of sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns in Romanian patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2010;51(3):505–508.
  59. Favero L, Arreghini A, Cocilovo F, Favero V. Respiratory disorders in paediatric age: Orthodontic diagnosis and treatment in dysmetabolic obese children and allergic slim children. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2013;14(3):190–194.
  60. Mack KB, Phillips C, Jain N, Koroluk LD. Relationship between body mass index percentile and skeletal maturation and dental development in orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143(2):228–234.
  61. Olszewska K, Ważna-Olszewska M, Dunin-Wilczyńska I. Obesity in children and adolescents – a new challenge in orthodontic practice. Dent Med Probl. 2015;52(2):131–136.
  62. Hilgers KK, Akridge M, Scheetz JP, Kinane DE. Childhood obesity and dental development. Pediatr Dent. 2006;28(1):18–22.
  63. Must A, Phillips SM, Tybor DJ, Lividini K, Hayes C. The association between childhood obesity and tooth eruption. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20(10):2070–2074.
  64. Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA Jr. The cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics. Semin Orthod. 2005;11:119–129.
  65. Saloom HF, Papageorgiou SN, Carpenter GH, Cobourne MT. Impact of obesity on orthodontic tooth movement in adolescents: A prospective clinical cohort study. J Dent Res. 2017;96(5):547–554.
  66. Waszkiewicz N, Zalewska A, Szulc A, et al. The influence of alcohol on the oral cavity, salivary glands and saliva [in Polish]. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2011;30(175):69–74.
  67. Rodríguez PN, Martínez Reinoso J, Gamba CA, et al. Association among salivary flow rate, caries risk and nutritional status in pre-schoolers. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2015;28(2):185–191.
  68. de Campos MM, Kobayashi FY, Barbosa TdS, da Silva Costa S, de Lima Lucas B, Castelo PM. Characteristics of salivary secretion in normal-weight, overweight and obese children: A preliminary study. Salivary composition and excessive fat tissue. Odontology. 2014;102(2):318–324.
  69. Bozzato A, Burger P, Zenk J, Ulter W, Iro H. Salivary gland biometry in female patients with eating disorders. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;265(9):1095–1102.
  70. Dawes C. Salivary flow patterns and the health of hard and soft oral tissues. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139(Suppl):18S–24S.
  71. Knaś M, Zalewska A, Waszkiewicz N, et al. Salivary: Flow and proteins of the innate and adaptive immunity in the limited and diffused systemic sclerosis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2014;43(7):521–529.
  72. Nagler RM. Salivary glands and the aging process: Mechanistics aspects, health status and medicinal efficacy monitoring. Biogerontology. 2004;5(4):223–233.
  73. Zalewska A, Knaś M, Gińdzieńska-Sieśkiewicz E, et al. Salivary antioxidants in patients with systemic sclerosis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2014;43(1):61–68.
  74. Bursch W, Obenhammer F, Jirtle RL, et al. Transforming growth factor 1 as a signal for induction of cell death by apoptosis. Br J Cancer. 1993;67(3):531–536.
  75. Knaś M, Maciejczyk M, Sawicka K, et al. Impact of morbid obesity and bariatric surgery on antioxidant/oxidant balance of the unstimulated and stimulated saliva. J Oral Pathol Med. 2016;45(6):455–464.
© Wroclaw Medical University